The Church of the Holy Spirit is the largest church in Heidelberg. Located in the marketplace in the old town center, it was constructed between 1398 and 1515 in the Romanesque and Gothic styles. The church tower was destroyed by fire when French forces invaded in 1693, and was rebuilt in 1709. The original stained glass windows were also destroyed. There is no record of what they looked like and a dispute over the window replacement was so intense, it is called The Heidelberg Controversy. It is “the most intense controversy on record involving twentieth century stained glass.” Eventually all of the windows were replaced in the 1980s and 1990s.

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